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» Browse Science and Environment Term Papers
Nuclear Fusion
Number of Words: 886 / Number of Pages: 4
... Fusion reactions occur at a sufficient rate only at very high temperatures. Over 100 million degrees Celsius is needed for the Deuterium-Tritium reaction, while other reactions require even higher temperatures. (Hotta Labs, Source 1)
The density of fuel ions must be sufficiently large for fusion reactions to take place at the required rate. The fusion power generated is reduced if the fuel is diluted by impurity atoms released from surrounding material surfaces or by the accumulation of Helium "ash" from the fusion reaction. As fuel ions are burnt in the fusion process they must be replaced by ne ...
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Fiber Optics
Number of Words: 2237 / Number of Pages: 9
... concerns that
may have been valid during the pioneering days of fibre, but that have since
been answered by technical advances.
Fibre is fragile
An optical fibre has greater tensile strength than copper or steel fibres of the
same diameter. It is flexible, bends easily, and resists most corrosive
elements that attack copper cable. Optical cables can withstand pulling forces
of more than 150 pounds.
Fibre is hard to work with
This myth derives from the early days of fibre optic connectors. Early
connectors where difficult to apply; they came with many small parts that could
tax even the nimble fing ...
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Photochemical Smog
Number of Words: 1695 / Number of Pages: 7
... smog is a condition that develops when primary
pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds created from
fossil fuel combustion) interact under the influence of sunlight to produce a
mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary
pollutants. Development of photochemical smog is typically associated with
specific climatic conditions and centers of high population density. Cities
like Los Angeles, New York, Sydney, and Vancouver frequently suffer episodes of
photochemical smog.
One way in which the production of photochemical smog is initiated ...
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Cloning 4
Number of Words: 1481 / Number of Pages: 6
... hybrid cell containing a full set of rodent chromosomes and a single human chromosome. Human embryo cloning starts with a standard in vitro fertilization procedure. Sperm and an egg cell are mixed together on a glass dish. After conception, the zygote (fertilized egg) is allowed to develop into a blastula (a hollow mass of cells). The zygote divides first into two cells, then four, then eight... A chemical is added to the dish to remove the “zona pellucida” covering; this material provides nutrients to the cells to promote cell division. With the covering removed, the blastula is divided into individu ...
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Thoughts On Acid Rain
Number of Words: 1274 / Number of Pages: 5
... mainly southern regions that are near the Great
Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can neutralize
acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large
areas of Ontario that are near the Pre-Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or
granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering
capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and
the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an
alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton,
Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin district ...
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Genetic Variations
Number of Words: 751 / Number of Pages: 3
... the wild and bred in captivity. Later two more birds were added. The chicks were released into the wild and the program continued. Though there are several dozen nenes released from captivity, there is still little increase in the wild population. The inbreeding between birds is not allowing for any genetic diversity to occur between them. It is also causing captive-bred birds to lay eggs that don't produce chicks.
Scientists collect blood samples from nenes in the area, searching for a descendant of the wild nenes. The blood is then sent to a DNA lab for fingerprinting. It shows that the captive ...
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Calories
Number of Words: 439 / Number of Pages: 2
... not the invisible fluid caloric.
Joseph Black, yet another scientist of the seventeen hundreds, discovered that it took different substances varying amounts of heat to raise one gram of a substance one degree Celsius. He called this specific heat. Mr. Black also noticed that when mercury at fifty degrees is mixed with equal amounts of water at zero degrees the resulting mixture would be only one degree. From this, he concluded that heat and temperature were not the same. In order to give the scientific world a standard of measure Mr. Black termed
the amount of heat required to raise the temperat ...
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Xenon
Number of Words: 619 / Number of Pages: 3
... leaving the second element behind. Krypton was
known to have a boiling point at a temperature that is lower than xenon. So the
scientists could predict that heating the mixture would leave krypton in the
container, while the faster boiling xenon leaving it. After the two scientists
separated krypton and xenon, they identified it as a new element through the
emission spectrum of the gas.
Xenon is used heavily in light bulbs. Many of the bulbs in camera
flashes have xenon in them, because they can be used over 10,000 times without
burning out, as well as producing a good balance of all colors. Xe ...
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The Dangers Of Nuclear "Progress"
Number of Words: 610 / Number of Pages: 3
... and materials be placed under international
ownership and that all nuclear weapons be destroyed. However, the Soviet
Union feared that the United States would always have a military advantage
if they gave up their plans for building a nuclear device and, therefore,
rejected the proposal.
I think that the refusal of the Soviet Union was a big mistake on
their part. Not only did they put the safety of the U.S.S.R on the line,
but of the whole world, as well. By rejecting that proposal, other
countries would soon follow America's example, producing nuclear weapons of
their own. By 1952, the S ...
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Excessive Alcohol Consumption--its Effects And Social Accept
Number of Words: 2011 / Number of Pages: 8
... among ancient people for special ceremonies, magic, and medicine, and “by about 1500 BC, Egyptian doctors included beer or wine in about 15 percent of their medicines”(Monroe 8-9).
Alcoholic beverages are produced through a process called fermentation using plants such as corn, rye, barley, potatoes, and grapes, and are classified by their types and proofs. Some types of alcohol are beer, ale, stout, porter, malt liquor, wine, whiskey, bourbon, gin, rum, brandy, and liqueur. The term proof refers to the percentage of pure alcohol contained in a drink. While there is no international stand ...
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